Are video games art?

Actually, the assertion is more problematic: Can video games be art? America’s most prominent film critic provides a definitive answer, “No.”

Jabootu contributor Sandy Petersen sent me this link.  Sandy, of course, is a game developer of long and major standing, having helped design seminal titles like Doom and Quake.  His reply echos that of the majority of the commenters to the piece:

“So, Ebert threw down his gauntlet (again).

He jumps around definitions and generally proves clumsy at trying to explain why games are not art. This seems particularly odd, seeing as the game development process consists of dozens or even hundreds of creative people putting together visuals, sounds, and a hopefully emotionally gripping story for a many-hour-long experience

While I personally squirm and try to avoid the “artiste” label as a game-maker (preferring to be a “craftsman”), I do believe that if things as disparate as tribal dances, music, and paintings can be art (I mean, what do those things have in common?), that it is special pleading indeed to say that games are an exception.

I especially find worthy of derision his contention that true art has a single creator. He reviews movies, for heaven’s sake.”

For myself, this raises again the issue of my mixed feelings regarding Ebert.  Perhaps partly due to being compared to him a lot as a kid (as a fat guy in glasses obsessed about movies who lived in suburban Chicagoland), I actually gravitated more to Gene Siskel.

However, a lot of that ( more, I hope) had to due with the fact that Ebert was more likely, in my opinion, to conflate his personal feelings and tastes with objective critical judgment. This is a trait I’ve always found noxious and intellectually dishonest, especially from someone held out as an ‘authority.’ And in Ebert’s case, this tendency has but snowballed in recent years.

Don’t get me wrong; Ebert is one of our greatest thinkers about films.  His essays on (particularly) The Great Movies are generally everything you could wish from a film historian.  They are informed, passionate, articulate and massively entertaining to read.  The books that collect these columns deserve a spot on the shelves of every film lover.

As a film critic, however, working in the present time, Ebert’s work has become increasingly problematic.  Old age generally does one of two things to those it leaves with their mental facilties:  It gives them wisdom and a more expansive view of things, or it makes them more reactionary, more impatient with anyone who dares disagree with them.

Ebert clearly falls into the second camp, and this essay is a prime example.  Like Woody Allen before him, Ebert marshals a lot of big names and education to bolster his contention. Yet in the end, his point basically amounts to “What I like we should call Art, and what I don’t like we shouldn’t.”  This is as intellectually callow and, really, rather pathetic as Allen’s equally self-serving (and defeatist) dictum, “The heart wants what it wants.”

All philosophers know that.  However, it’s the starting point for the search in a larger truth, not the endpoint.

  • Ericb

    Ebert’s column has a certain “hey you kids, get off of my lawn” feel to it. New creative forms often meet resistane from the old schoolers of the day. There was a time back in the 17th and 18th centuries when some highbrows didn’t think that novels were art and I’m sure that there were some early in the 20th century who said the same thing about movies. Hardly anyone now would make that arguement. And while there is nothing creative in playing a video game there is quite a bit involved in making one. I’m sure if the inventors of basketball and American football had to create a new sport every year or so creating sports would have been considered as an art.

  • Pretty much nobody considered film to be “Art” until the French new wave critics of the late ’50s. That’s why so many now standard film terms are French: montage, mise en scene, cinema verite, etc. This holds true for film criticism jargon as well, like auteur.

    Of course, American film critics also adopted these terms because they supposedly lent legitimacy and intellectual heft to film reviewing. The terms sound so much more sophisticated than saying the same things in English!

  • Ericb

    And we should remember that Shakespeare wrote his sonnets so people would consider him to be an artist because, of course, all those popular plays that he churned out weren’t true “art”.

  • I think Ebert’s arguments can be demolished piece by piece. But in an attempt to do so, I found he just kept jumping around and never really makes a solid point. The two times he tries are:

    He says “one obvious difference between art and games is that you can win a game.” While true for most games, why is this the catch? I mean, you can’t win at eating a turkey, but is eating a turkey therefore more similar to art than is a game?

    And he asks “Why are gamers so intensely concerned, anyway, that games be defined as art?” The same argument can be aimed against any genre. “Why is Hollywood so intensely concerned that movies be defined as art?” I mean the argument here is so senseless it’s not even an argument. Just a crabby remark.

    I also will say that playing a game CAN be creative. There is such a thing as emergent play. And even if there is nothing creative in playing most games, this is pretty much true of watching a movie as well.

  • All these debates are the same, and have been since the days when written fiction and the stage were declared to be incapable of being Art. The most recent example before video games involved comics. Those can never be art, we’re told. Well, OK, maybe old comic strips, like Segar’s. But never comic books.

    In the end, the simple truth is that THERE IS NO MEDIUM that is incapable of being used for artistic expression. Any attempt to divide mediums into classes of ‘can’ and ‘cannot’ is simply fatuous.

  • Gamera

    Well, video/computer games have come a long way from some guy writing a game over the weekend on his Vic-20, mimographing a sheet of instructions, and selling it out of his garage though mail order in zip-lock bags.
    I finished playing though ‘Jade Empire’ again a few nights ago and glanced back though the art book that came with the Special Edition game. I’m sure Sandy could go into more detail about the number of people involved in making a modern game but I’m amazed at the level of work put into creating the look of a game like this. Plus a fantastic musical score, interesting memorable characters and a smarter, deeper, richer plot than 99% of Hollywood’s products of the last decade.
    Video games aren’t all Space Invaders anymore…

  • Mr. Rational

    I write this from the perspective of a philosophy grad student (and BTW, Ken, I have to agree with you — those people who treat the phrase “the heart wants what it wants” like a profound moral truth are usually just trying to justify some egoistic tendencies to which they would otherwise never admit). My personal favorite idiocy in the linked article is Ebert quoting Santiago quoting Ebert: “No one in or out of the field has ever been able to cite a game worthy of comparison with the great poets, filmmakers, novelists and poets.” In other words, no one has ever produced a truly great video game. Therefore, he seems to imply (twice), video games are NOT art.

    A college freshman who is halfway through a critical thinking course should be able to identify this as a textbook example of the straw man fallacy. All this proves (assuming Ebert is correct) is that video games are not GREAT art. And Santiago doesn’t dispute that. Neither does Ebert dispute that those first cave drawings are, in and of themselves, art, no matter that the artists in question — standing at the beginning of their discipline — failed to display the technique and sophistication of a Rembrandt, a Picasso, or a Monet. So if these games have enough art-like qualities to them to qualify as art, then it shouldn’t matter that they are, to use Ebert’s dismissive appellation, “chicken scrtaches” compared to what will come.

    So do they? Let’s see…character and set design, music, sound effects…oh, this is just silly. Are video games art? Of COURSE they are. I’d like to hear someone of a contrary mind explain to me why Avatar is art (of any stripe) and Halo isn’t. Both tell stories, and guide the patron through them. Both involve worlds that are largely graphically rendered — and the rendering itself should be sufficient to qualify both as art, IMNSHO. The only difference is one that arguable works in the favor of video games — there, the art isn’t complete without the active participation of the spectator.

  • Rock Baker

    I draw comic books, but I don’t consider myself an “Artist” -in fact I’m NEVER happy with my own work! What I try to do is entertain people, not wow them with “Art”. I think that’s how things should work, isn’t it? Writers and artists and movie makers and, well, even you, Ken, are put on this earth to entertain his fellow man (Red Skelton used to imply that being a clown was devine calling, and I sort of have to agree with him, and aply that notion to anything that a person does with natural talent) and produce something that makes others happy. I don’t play video games, but I understand their purpose is simply to entertain. It’s not any more complicated than that is it? I always get a little nervous when someone throws around the ‘A’ word. There are those who think comic book art should be studied as High Art, but I think thats just silly. But I’m not one to get all tingly when I see true art by the old masters either. Am I wrong to equate books, movies, comics, stage shows, etc, etc? They’re to entertain and that’s it, right? Once you call something Art, it sort of changes. Case in point, the old Godzilla movies. They used to be fun, but now they’re subtitled. They got swept into the Art category by virtue of being Japanese.
    On the other hand I must admit to being a flipper on this issue, since I’ve spent much of my life championing old Pin-Up art (drawn, painted, or picture) as valid art. I guess there is no black and white way to look at this.

  • Actually I think Ms. Santiago did a poor job of portraying games as art. I would not agree, with her, that games were at this point so pitifully weak in artistic value.

    For me, the Halo epic was more emotionally gripping and intense than any Star Trek movie (I’ve seen all but ST5).

    Ico and Shadow of the Colossus create a poignant dark world about loss and love that betters Cameron’s Titanic, having experienced both.

    I hate the loathsome nobleman Kefka, from the ancient Final Fantasy VI, far more than Colonel Landa from Inglourious Basterds.

    For every movie that emotionally stirred or intellectually engaged me, I can name a game that moved me in the exact same direction, and often just as much (I admit not always).

    Games are certainly less accessible than movies – it takes many hours to fully experience a game. In that regard, perhaps games are less “efficient” at delivering their impact. On the other hand, a novel takes far long to give its message than does an Ansel Adams photograph. But this does not invalidate the novel as art.

  • Marsden

    How creative is it to sit in a theater and watch Old Dogs? or Furry Vengence?

  • I’m an artist, and I’m 37. I very much enjoy Ebert’s writing, particularly when he backs me up for loving Phantom Menace and Indy 4. That said, I’ve considered writing him about this remark, and his remarks that anyone who enjoyed Revenge of the Fallen was simply “wrong”. I read endless glowing defenses of threadbare old horror movies and even junk like Cloverfield on the internet, yet I’m apparently the class dunce because I can sit and enjoy the daylights out of ROTF. I can understand a giant robot fight movie not being to everyone’s taste, but come on. Some people get off watching cars drive around in a circle. Heidi Montag has an actual career. I’M the idiot because I loved a loud, photo-realistic movie where robots turn into vehicles and blast each other?

    Video games are absolutely art. How do I know? 1. Their creation entails actual “video game artists”. 2.Google will lead you to honest-to-god gallery shows, featuring expensive wall paintings of Pac-Man and Mario. 3.Try playing BioShock for five minutes and then tell me it isn’t art. I love Rog, I just feel he’s not looking at the whole picture here, pun intended.

  • monoceros4

    Whatever. The really sad thing about Ebert’s fixation on arguing the artistic merit of video games is that, the moment he brings it up again, everyone forgets everything else Ebert’s ever done. He’s probably the least elitist movie critic still working; he’s famously defended, among other movies, Dark City and There’s Something About Mary and even Peter Jackson’s garbage (although he did get it right the first time). If any famous movie critic has done more to counteract Pauline Kael’s noxious influence on film criticism it’s Roger Ebert. But bring up video games and all of a sudden Ebert’s the worst human being still breathing.

  • monoceros4

    …yet I’m apparently the class dunce because I can sit and enjoy the daylights out of ROTF.

    Well, you are. Make no mistake about that. Carry on, though.

  • Monoceros: First, breath into a paper bag. Slowly…slowly… There you go.

    If you go and actually read what I said about him, you MIGHT notice the part where I call him one of our greatest film historians and call some of his work “essential” for any film buff. There’s not a whole lot I would put in that category. However, the other half of the time, and increasingly, Ebert’s pretty much just a boob. This is one of those times.

    For the record, Jimmy Carter is the worst human being still breathing.

  • Rock Baker

    Transformers 2 was long but a lot of fun. I would think that was the point of the flick. (I found it a little adult for a movie based on a Saturday morning cartoon show, but I thought that of the first film too. To be fair, the first film was much better) In the end, I’d say you can enjoy any movie you like, and it really doesn’t matter what anyone else -critics for sure- think. I really enjoy the Beach Party movies, and if I go by what I read, I’m the only one. (The Fat Spy included, by the way) Really, though, what does it matter to anyone else? We have a system where guys can lock themselves away with countless hours of porn and that’s not a problem, so there’s no reason you can’t enjoy Transformers 2.
    And it has been argued that porn stars are ‘artists’ so that would make porn art. I doubt anyone outside the industry will ever buy that though.

    I don’t really keep up with the critics. Many years ago, I noticed the basic pattern was that whatever the critics hated usually turned out to be the best pictures. So I moved along and decided to make up my own mind on what came out. I guess I like Leonard Maltin. He’s always championing the restoration and release of things like the John Wayne collection (anywone who likes Island in the Sky AND the High and the Mighty is OK in my book). I wrote a letter to him once, Maltin struck me as a very warm and friendly man. I will say that, whenever I saw him on television, Ebert always came off as sort of a bully.

  • Oh, I enjoyed The Fat Spy…every agonizing second of it. I pretty much agree with everything else Rock writes here. Again, I’ve always been puzzled by people who feel they have to conflate what they like with what’s objectively ‘good’ (or Art, or whatever). I can watch Smokey and the Bandit endlessly. I love it. It’s not a great film. It’s a good film for what it is, but it’s not objectively great. Yet I like it a lot better than many, many films I know are objectively better.

    That doesn’t bug me. I get the feeling from watching Ebert for decades now that it does bug him.

  • Rock Baker

    It was a lot simpler when I was a kid watching any old monster movie I could find on the tube. ‘Good’ or ‘Bad’ had less to do with the production values than it did how much I enjoyed watching it. Under those rules, for me, From Hell It Came and The Navy vs The Night Monsters were ‘good’ movies. These days, I’ve developed into a confused mess. I know and enjoy a good movie when I see it (your flicks like Hondo, The Last Command, Them, Island in the Sky), yet I still find myself ready, willing, and eager to sit thru stuff like Invasion of the Blood Farmers (which I haven’t seen yet) looking for a fun time. You’d think that after watching a few really great films, I’d be less anxious to see bad ones, or even mediocre ones. But I still have that copy of The Beast That Killed Women, and it shares shelf space with Yankee Doodle Dandy and Gone With The Wind. A flick has to pretty terrible before I toss it (which, so far, is pretty much limited to Superchick and the Midnight Movie Massacre).

  • Plissken79

    Good analysis from everyone, I will just add that Ebert needs to check out Uncharted 1 and 2, BioShock, Shadow of the Collossus, Metal Gear Solid 3, Heavy Rain, and perhaps Dead Space. All certainly qualify as works of art. They certainly compare very well with films made in similar genres

    Ebert has certainly grown tiresome over the years with his politics spilling over into film reviews, but he just sounds out of his depth here

  • I, for one, have never been in love with the idea that one persons opinion should be taken higher than anothers simply because they are in the media. People like Roger Ebert need to learn they don’t have the final say over our culture. Tastes are always changing and expanding. Ultimately, we, collectively, as a culture, are the ones who decide what is art. Not what a bunch of stuck up snobs think.

  • Gamera

    I wasn’t able to get the link to the article to load at work when I commented before. Looking at it now the three games that the lady game developer pointed out as art I’ve never heard of. ‘Waco Resurrection?!?!?!’
    Any of the games commenters have listed here seem closer to art than what she submitted.
    But I’ll agree with Ebert’s closing comments- why does it need to be art anyway? If you enjoy them play them and it doesn’t matter what anyone else thinks.

  • Elizabeth

    And, while Ebert becomes more reactionary, he also loses a certain discrimination in taste. He likes everything, these days.

    I have not played many video games because I was never very good at them, but I have seen people playing most of the great ones. As a reactionary type myself, I will say that I see art in video games, but I’m not sure if the games constitute art as a whole. There are obvious artistic parts of video games — cinematics, character design, and so forth — but in order to call a video game art in itself, I would have to be convinced that gameplay is an art form, and of that I’m just not certain. Perhaps I would be, if I’d played the games myself — or perhaps I’d believe the opposite.

    All that being said, two of the scariest watching experiences I’ve ever had period were “Silent Hill 3” and “Eternal Darkness: Sanity’s Requiem.” The former, in particular, had me squeezed in a tiny ball in the corner of a crappy dorm-room sofa, whimpering into my clenched hands — and I wasn’t even playing it!

    Oh, and the heart absolutely wants what it wants, no doubt about it, but that doesn’t mean you should ever listen to it.

  • tim

    I used to enjoy Ebert’s work. Now he’ll give a positive review to any movie that agrees with his politics. I think what bugs him the most is that at the same time he lost his voice his entire field was losing its relevance. Frankly, the world doesn’t need movie reviewers anymore. There are websites that recommend movies to you based on other movies you’ve liked. With media as all-encompassing as it is, does anyone need to be told the new Nitemare on Elm St movie is opening this weekend, or Iron Man 2 next? He’s older and he sees his life’s work losing its meaning. In 50 years he won’t be much remembered. So every now and then he has to make some noise, and the thing that seems to get him the most attention is picking on video games. That’s how I view his stance. “Listen to me still, dammit! I’m important! I’m somebody! I’m a winner!” Plus there might be a bit of “I’ll put those know nothing youngsters in their place once I let them know how superior my knowledge and chosen field is over their puerile little hobby!” I think the best way to respond is “That’s nice, Grampa!”

  • brandywine

    Honestly, I’ve always considered the people who create the visuals for movies and games to be the real modern equivalents of Michelangelo and da Vinci rather than “abstract” hacks like Picasso or Jackson Pollock. When I hear conservatives lament the disappearance of beauty in art, I can only think: stop looking for it in the MoMA, that’s not where our artists are!

  • Mr. Rational

    Elizabeth:

    “…in order to call a video game art in itself, I would have to be convinced that gameplay is an art form, and of that I’m just not certain.”

    I guess I’m missing something. Why would gameplay have to be an art form in order for a video game to be art? Does reading have to be an art form in order for a novel to be art?

  • BeckoningChasm

    Ebert is increasingly aware of his own mortality and, as such, I think is starting to think about his place in history. Not just film history, but history in general. Which is why we are treated to his opinion on the recently immigration law in Arizona–seriously, who truly cares what a film critic has to say about that? His opinion is neither more nor less informed than my own.

    I can’t escape the feeling that his thinking in recent years lies along the path of, When I’m gone, people will read my stuff and say, “My God, this is the greatest political thinker of the age! And we had him doing movie reviews, for crying out loud!”

    I tend to regard Ebert as I do most critics–he’s a total genius when he agrees with me, and an utter dunce when he does not. :)

  • Dr. Whiggs

    Halo is a big steaming coil of mediocrity with a cookie-cutter storyline.

  • BeckoningChasm

    Halo is a big steaming coil of mediocrity with a cookie-cutter storyline.

    Which makes it totally different from the last ten years of Hollywood blockbusters because…um, because…ah…er…

  • Dr. Whiggs

    I’m not agreeing with Ebert, I just think Sandy picked one poor example (and two good ones.)

    Ebert used to have a more coherent argument along the lines of art acts on the viewer, whereas with games the viewer acts on the art.

  • John Nowak

    I think I agree most strongly with Sandy. In my opinion, Ebert simply didn’t make a coherent argument.

    In principle, the article shouldn’t be hard to write.

    1) Define art.
    2) Show that games either fit this definition or not.

    Otherwise, there’s no content to the discussion.

    Personally, I have a very broad definition of art: I’d call it a feature of a [thing] which has no practical application, and which generally is intended to provoke an emotional response in the audience.

    It’s not a perfect definition, especially since art and engineering can overlap, but I think the sorrowful narrative of Ico or the crushing despair of losing SAN in Call of Cthulhu qualify as art.

  • I saw a lot of website but I think this one contains something extra in it.

  • RWA

    I hate making a correction so late (especially when the original post is now almost old enough to drive!) but the movies have been regarded as art or at least a potential art form from nearly the moment they were invented; the French term film d'art dates from at least 1908, probably earlier. And I admit to being an Ebert partisan (disagreed with his politics, loved him as a critic and person), and would have loved to have known what he would thought about the current AI in art debate.